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Objective:To investigate the prevalence of autism spectrum disorders (ASD)among children in kindergartens in Xi′an urban districts.Methods:A stratified cluster sampling method was adopted, and selected all children from 12 kindergartens in 6 urban districts of Xi′an.Primary screening positive children with ASD were identified by filling out the Autism Behavior Checklist (ABC) by their parents and the guardians reports, and then the beha-vioral observations were made to identify suspicious ASD children.Finally these children were diagnosed in the hospital through the autism diagnostic observation schedule, 2 nd edition (ADOS-2). The data were calculated with SPSS 18.0. Results:Totally, 38 cases with ASD were diagnosed among 5 178 children, the prevalence of children ASD in kindergartens in Xi′an urban districts was 7.3‰, and the 95% confidence interval was 4.98‰-9.62‰.The prevalence of ASD in children was statistically significant in different age groups ( χ2=9.914, P<0.05) and gender groups ( χ2=18.812, P<0.05). The accuracy of ASD screening by guardians reports is better than that by ABC. Conclusions:(1)The prevalence of ASD children in kindergartens in Xi′an urban districts is at high level in similar reports in China.If ASD children at the special education institutions and home are considered, the overall prevalence rate is higher, indicating that the prevalence of ASD children in China may be underestimated.(2)With the increase of age, the attendance rate of ASD children in kindergartens has a decreasing trend.
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To study the biological characteristics and mutations of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus isolated from one case of pneumonia of unknown etiology (PUE),which would provide references for clinical treatment and disease control,the throat swab specimen from the PUE case was isolated in the Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cells,and then the antigenicity,pathogenicity and drug resistance of influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 virus were analyzed after sequencing.As a result,one influenza virus strain was isolated from the specimen and named as A/FujianGulou/SWL64/2016(H1N1).The similarities of nucleotide sequences and amino acids sequences compared with the vaccine strain A/California/07/2009 (H1N1) were 96.9％-98.9％ and 96.7％-99.5％,respectively.Eighteen amino acids had mutated in the HA and 4 mutations,K163Q,S185T,S203T and D222N,were involved in 3 different epitopes,which indicated that the antigenic drift had occurred in the influenza virus.The D222N mutation associated with receptor binding site made the virus infect lower respiratory tract more easily.The virus was still amantadine-resistance and oseltamivir-sensitive.In conclusion,the influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 virus in this study have occurred antigenic drift and has the molecular characterization of causing severe pneumonia,so further surveillance should be performed to prevent and control the influenza epidemic.
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For investigating the epidemiology and genetic characteristics of enterovirus 71 (EV71) in Fujian from 2010 to 2015,we analyzed the surveillance data of EV71 and sequenced VP1 genes of 72 EV71 strains randomly picked from the past 6 years.The overall infection rate was gradually down and one incidence peak (from May to July) was observed each year.Major infectious population were focused on Xiamen,Fuzhou,Nanping and Quanzhou,the ages ranged from one to three years old.Scattered children were the most infected ones.The proportion of EV71 in the severe case was higher than in the HMFD(χ2 =732.064 5,P＜0.000 1).EV71 circulated from 2010 to 2015 in Fujian Province was belonged to subgenotype C4a in consistent with vaccine strain (H07).Compared with the VP1 of vaccine strains,the divergence of complete VP1 nucleotide sequence was gradually expanding as time distance increased,but the sequence of amino acid was not found obvious difference.Variations in 4 key immune epitopes of amino acid had not appeared a regular pattern in year and not consistent with the trend of proportion of EV71 in HMFD.As a result,we considered the epidemiology characteristics of EV71 in Fujian was obvious,72 strains still belonged to C4a subgenotype and had no outstanding antigenic drift or mutation.Extensive epidemiology surveillance and genetic characteristic are needed for the application of EV71 vaccine.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the molecular epidemiology of hand-foot-mounth disease (HFMD) associated Coxsackievirus A10 (Cox A10) identified in Fujian province.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 1 525 specimens from non-EV71 non-Cox A16 HFMD patients were collected during 2011-2014. Isolated virus strains were identified and sub-typed. Full-length coding regions for the VP1 gene of the predominant serotype Cox A10 isolates were amplified and sequenced.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Among the 407 non-EV71 non-Cox A16 HFMD cases confirmed by virus isolation and molecular subtyping, 103 (25.3%) were caused by Cox A10, accounting for 11.0%, 6.0%, 18.4% and 9.2% among the HFMD-associated entero-viruses identified in 2011, 2012, 2013 and 2014, respectively, in Fujian province. Compared to the general features observed in the HFMD epidemics, no differences on the Cox A10-specificity rates were observed among factors as geographical origins, gender or age groups, but all with high rates of severity. Data from the nucleotide sequence analyses on VP1 genes showed low homology levels of 76.0%-77.1% among Cox A10 strains from Fujian province, in contrast to the prototype Cox A10 strain, but with high levels of homology in the amino acid sequences (91.9%-93.6%). RESULTS from the Phylogenetic analysis also indicated that Cox A10 isolates from Fujian province were distinct from the prototype strain or other isolates from other countries but was homologous to domestic strains, but the Fujian isolates clustered into multiple branches.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Cox A10 remained one of the predominant serotypes of HFMD in Fujian province. Cox A10 isolates identified in Fujian province were co-circulating and co-evolving with other domestic strains.</p>
Subject(s)
Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , Male , Benzeneacetamides , China , Epidemiology , Enterovirus A, Human , Classification , Genetics , Epidemics , Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease , Epidemiology , Genetics , Virology , Molecular Epidemiology , Molecular Sequence Data , Open Reading Frames , Phylogeny , Piperidones , SerogroupABSTRACT
In order to investigate EV71 antibody levels among general population from Fujian Province after the 2008‐2009 HFMD epidemics ,390 sera‐specimens were collected from 390 participants in 2010 .EV71‐specific antibody was detected by neutralization test ,indicating 186 (47 .69% ) sera of 390 were EV71‐seropositive .Although the difference by gender was not statistically significant on positive rates and antibody titers ,significant differences were observed in positive rates and antibody titers among age groups .The positive rate was increasing with age ,while the 0 age‐group yielded the lowest positive rate of 16 .67% .Subsequently ,significant difference was detected among positive rates and antibody titers between age groups of 0 to 4 years‐old and 5‐years‐old ,with the positive rate of 25 .33% and 61 .67% ,respectively .Therefore ,the EV71 antibody levels among general population from Fujian Province after the 2008‐2009 HFMD epidemics was still in the low level ,especially the age groups of 0 to 4 years‐old .The epidemic of HFMD mainly caused by EV71 will still occur in the future ,and children under 5 years old are major susceptible population ,continuously intensive surveillance ,prevention and control are required .